This study systematically reviews research on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) on mathematical achievement in the global context. We conducted a bibliometric review analyzing 173 journal papers in the Web of Science database between January 2004 and September 2021. We applied descriptive statistics, citation analysis, co-citation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis to understand the current research environment, topics, and trends relating to mathematical achievement and PISA. We present five key findings. (1) There are a growing number of research topics, compound annual growth rate was 17.42% for the last 10 years, and the most frequently cited articles are cross-country studies. (2) The most frequently cited references focus on methodology, technical reports, meta-analysis, and statistical manuals. (4) Keyword clusters can be categorized as motor themes, basic themes, and niche themes; however, there is a lack of emerging or declining themes. (5) Cooperation network analysis indicates that there are four main clusters, namely the United States, Australia and China, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The percentage of international cooperation is 32.95%, which showed a high percentage.
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